Socio-Economic and Health Vulnerability among Vulnerable Populations during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Delhi, India

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed and intensified existing socio-economic and health inequalities across urban populations, particularly among socially and economically marginalized groups. In densely populated metropolitan regions such as Delhi, pre-existing disparities in income, housing, education, healthcare accessibility, and social protection significantly influenced the ability of vulnerable populations to cope with pandemic-related disruptions. This study examines the socio-economic and health dimensions of vulnerability among vulnerable populations in Delhi during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is based on primary survey data collected from 800 respondents across the eleven districts of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, Weighted Mean Score (WMS), Chi-square tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression models to assess patterns of socio-economic and health vulnerability. The findings reveal that income insecurity, job instability, inadequate housing conditions, and educational disruption constituted the principal dimensions of socio-economic vulnerability. Educational disruption emerged as the most severe socio-economic challenge among children, recording the highest weighted mean score (WMS = 3.54). Health-related vulnerabilities were characterized by limited healthcare accessibility, low health insurance coverage, chronic illness burdens, and significant mental health challenges. The results further indicate that socio-economic and health vulnerabilities were closely interconnected, with economically disadvantaged households experiencing greater difficulties in accessing healthcare services and maintaining overall wellbeing during the pandemic. The study highlights that by strengthening social protection systems, improving healthcare accessibility, expanding insurance coverage, and addressing educational and mental health disparities are essential for enhancing urban resilience and reducing vulnerability among marginalized populations in future crises.